Association of relative hand grip strength with myocardial infarction and angina pectoris in the Korean population: a large-scale cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Low hand grip strength (HGS) is associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases, but the association between HGS and myocardial infarction/angina pectoris (MIAP) is unclear. Furthermore, there have been no studies examining the associations of MIAP with anthropometric indices, absolute HGS indices, and relative HGS indices calculated by dividing absolute HGS values by body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), or weight values. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the associations of MIAP with absolute and relative HGS combined with several anthropometric indices. METHODS: In this large-scale cross-sectional study, a total of 12,963 subjects from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the associations of MIAP with anthropometric indices, absolute HGS indices, and relative HGS indices were computed from binary logistic regression models. We built 3 models: a crude model, a model that was adjusted for age (Model 1), and a model that was adjusted for other relevant covariates (Model 2). RESULTS: For men, the average age was 61.55 ± 0.16 years in the MIAP group and 66.49 ± 0.61 years in the non-MIAP group. For women, the average age was 61.99 ± 0.14 years in the MIAP group and 70.48 ± 0.61 years in the non-MIAP group. For both sexes, the MIAP group had lower diastolic blood pressure, shorter stature, greater WC, and a greater WHtR than did the non-MIAP group, and women tended to have greater systolic blood pressure, weight, and BMI than in men. HGS was strongly associated with the risk of MIAP in the Korean population. In men, relative HGS indices combined with WC and the WHtR had greater associations with MIAP than did the anthropometric indices and absolute HGS indices. However, in women, anthropometric indices, including weight, BMI, WC, and WHtR, were more strongly associated with MIAP than were absolute and relative HGS indices, unlike in men. When comparing absolute and relative HGS indices in women, relative HGS indices combined with BMI and weight was more strongly related to MIAP than was absolute HGS indices. CONCLUSIONS: MIAP might be better identified by relative HGS than absolute HGS in both sexes. The overall magnitudes of the associations of MIAP with absolute and relative HGS are greater in men than in women.

Association between anemia and grip strength indices combined with anthropometry in the Korean population.

Anemia is common in older people and is associated with low hand grip strength (HGS). However, there is no study of the association of anemia with both absolute and various relative HGS indices. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to examine the association of anemia with absolute and relative HGS indices and to evaluate whether the relative HGS indices are useful as risk indices of anemia. In this large-scale cross-sectional study, we analyzed the association of anemia with anthropometric indices, absolute HGS indices, and relative HGS indices using both crude and adjusted binary logistic regression models. A total of 24,022 participants were included in the final analysis. Anemia was defined as a blood hemoglobin concentration of less than 13.0 g/dL for men, less than 11.0 g/dL for pregnant women, and less than 12.0 g/dL for nonpregnant women. We considered covariates such as residential area, marital status, education level, occupation, household income, alcohol consumption, smoking status, muscular exercise, walking exercise, blood pressure, and age for men, while for women, we also included menopause. The mean ages of the subjects in this study were 51.89 ± 0.19 years in the nonanemic group and 66.56 ± 0.61 in the anemic group in men and 52.55 ± 0.19 in the nonanemic group and 51.85 ± 0.44 in the anemic group in women. The number of anemic patients was 570 (5.5%) in men and 1638 (12%) in women. The mean HGS value in the dominant hand was 38.97 ± 0.11 in the nonanemic group and 30.84 ± 0.38 in the anemic group in men and 22.64 ± 0.07 in the nonanemic group and 21.85 ± 0.16 in the anemic group in women. Age was highly associated with anemia in men but not in women. Absolute HGS indices, such as the dominant HGS index and both HGS indices, were negatively associated with anemia in both sexes in all crude and adjusted models. All relative HGS indices were associated with anemia in men, but in women, only dominant HGS divided by height and both HGS divided by height were related to anemia status in all models. The associations between anemia and absolute and relative HGS indices were significantly high in men, while in women, these associations were of moderate strength. Anemia was negatively associated with HGS in the Korean population. The strengths of the associations of anemia with the absolute and relative HGS indices showing the highest association with anemia were similar. Therefore, there is no need to use relative HGS indices as risk factors for anemia, and absolute HGS indices, as easily obtained and cost-effective measurement, are suitable.

Association of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris with obesity and biochemical indices in the South Korean population.

The best obesity index for myocardial infarction or angina pectoris (MIAP) risk assessment remains controversial. Furthermore, the association between biochemical indices and these diseases is unclear. This study examined associations of obesity and biochemical indices with MIAP in the Korean population. This large-scale cross-sectional study was based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey dataset from 2010 to 2019. A total of 22,509 subjects (9452 men and 13,057 women) aged ≥ 50 years were included. Participants consisted of 21,426 individuals without MIAP (men = 8869, women = 12,557) and 1083 with MIAP (men = 583, women = 500). Binary logistic regression was performed to examine the association of MIAP with obesity and biochemical indices. The prevalence of MIAP in Korean adults aged ≥ 50 years was 4.81% (6.57% among men, 3.98% among women). MIAP was more strongly associated with total cholesterol than other variables in men (adjusted OR = 0.436 [0.384-0.495], adjusted p < 0.001) and women (adjusted OR = 0.541 [0.475-0.618], adjusted p < 0.001). The waist-to-height ratio (adjusted OR = 1.325 [1.082-1.623], adjusted p = 0.007) and waist circumference (adjusted OR = 1.290 [1.072-1.553], adjusted p = 0.007) showed a significant association with MIAP in men, with no association between obesity indices and MIAP in women after adjustment. The association between biochemical indices and MIAP differed slightly according to sex. Only total cholesterol, creatinine, and platelets were associated with MIAP in both men and women.

Risk factors for hypertension and diabetes comorbidity in a Korean population: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension and diabetes are risk factors for severe cardiovascular disease and are prevalent comorbidities. No studies have examined the associations of various risk factors related to anthropometry, bone mineral density and body composition of specific body regions with hypertension and diabetes comorbidity (HDC). This study explored the association between HDC and various risk factors related to specific body regions. METHOD: A total of 7,978 subjects (3,451 men and 4,527 women) aged ≥ 50 years were included in the analysis. A binary logistic regression analysis based on complex sample data analysis was conducted to examine associations between the normal and diabetes groups, between the normal and hypertension groups, and between the normal and HDC groups. RESULTS: Among Korean adults aged ≥ 50 years, 11.27% of men and 10.05% of women had both diabetes and hypertension. The HDC prevalence was higher in men than in women. In men, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR, adjusted OR = 1.63 [1.22-2.18], adjusted p<0.001) exhibited a more significant association with HDC than other indices, left leg fat mass (adjusted OR = 0.61 [0.45-0.81], adjusted p = 0.0009) and right leg fat mass (adjusted OR = 0.60 [0.45-0.81], adjusted p = 0.0007) displayed strong negative associations with diabetes, and left leg lean mass (adjusted OR = 0.77 [0.67-0.89], adjusted p = 0.0002) and trunk fat mass (adjusted OR = 1.28 [1.07-1.52], adjusted p = 0.0062) were significantly associated with hypertension. In women, left leg fat mass (adjusted OR = 0.29 [0.22-0.39], adjusted p<0.0001) and right leg fat mass (adjusted OR = 0.32 [0.23-0.45], adjusted p<0.0001) exhibited strong negative associations with HDC, waist circumference (WC) (adjusted OR = 2.15 [1.40-3.30], adjusted p = 0.0005) showed a stronger association with diabetes than did other indices, and WC (adjusted OR = 1.39 [1.11-1.74], adjusted p = 0.0040) and WHtR (adjusted OR = 1.39 [1.09-1.76], adjusted p = 0.0075) were significantly associated with hypertension. DISCUSSION: HDC was more strongly associated with fat and lean mass than diabetes and hypertension. The association between HDC and body fat variables was more robust in women than in men.

Association of type 2 diabetes with anthropometrics, bone mineral density, and body composition in a large-scale screening study of Korean adults.

OBJECTIVES: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common, chronic disease that is closely associated with anthropometric indices related to obesity. However, no study published to date has simultaneously examined the associations of T2DM with anthropometrics, bone mineral density (BMD), and body composition variables. The present study aimed to evaluate the associations of T2DM with anthropometrics, BMD and body composition variables and to identify the best indicator of T2DM in Korean adults. METHODS: The data used in this study were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2008 to 2011. A total of 7,835 participants aged from 40 to 90 years were included in this study. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the significance of differences between the groups with and without T2DM, and the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (AUCs) curves were calculated to compare the predictive power of all variables. RESULTS: In men, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) displayed the strongest association with T2DM (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.838 [1.513-2.233], adjusted p<0.001), and waist circumference (WC) and WHtR were the best indicators (WC: AUC = 0.662 [0.639-0.685], WHtR: AUC = 0.680 [0.658-0.703]) of T2DM among all the variables. In women, left leg (LL) and right leg (RL) fat displayed strong negative associations with T2DM (LL fat: adjusted OR = 0.367 [0.321-0.419], adjusted p<0.001, RL fat: adjusted OR = 0.375 [0.329-0.428], adjusted p<0.001), and WC and WHtR were excellent indicators (WC: AUC = 0.730 [0.709-0.750], WHtR: AUC = 0.747 [0.728-0.766]) of T2DM among all the variables. In particular, the WHtR in men and LL and RL fat in women exhibited the strongest associations with T2DM, and the predictive power of the WC and WHtR was stronger than BMD, fat, and muscle mass variables in both men and women. Additionally, the predictive power of the WC and WHtR was stronger in women than in men. DISCUSSION: Of the anthropometric indices, BMD, and body fat and muscle variables, the best indicators of T2DM were WC and WHtR in both Korean men and women. The results of the present investigation will provide basic information for clinical studies of patients with T2DM and evidence for the prevention and management of T2DM.

Identification of hypertriglyceridemia based on bone density, body fat mass, and anthropometry in a Korean population.

BACKGROUND: Hypertriglyceridemia is strongly associated with the risks of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and metabolic syndrome. The relationship between hypertriglyceridemia or high triglyceride levels and bone mineral density remains controversial. Furthermore, to date, no study has simultaneously examined the association among hypertriglyceridemia, bone area, bone mineral content, bone mineral density, body fat mass, and anthropometrics. The present study aimed to evaluate the association among hypertriglyceridemia, anthropometrics and various bone density and body fat composition variables to identify the best indicator of hypertriglyceridemia in a Korean population. METHODS: The data were obtained from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. In total, 3918 subjects aged 20-80 years participated in this study. In the variable analysis of the waist circumference (WC), trunk fat mass (Trk-Ft), body mass index, etc., a binary logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the significance of the differences between the normal group and hypertriglyceridemia groups. RESULTS: In both men and women, the WC showed the strongest association with hypertriglyceridemia in the crude analysis (odds ratio (OR) = 1.738 [confidence interval = 1.529-1.976] and OR = 2.075 [1.797-2.397]), but the Trk-Ft was the most strongly associated with the disease after adjusting for age and body mass index (adjusted OR = 1.565 [1.262-1.941] and adjusted OR = 1.730 [1.291-2.319]). In particular, the Pelvis area (Plv-A) was the most significant among the bone variables in women (adjusted OR = 0.641 [0.515-0.796]). In the predictive power analysis, the best indicator of hypertriglyceridemia was WC in women (the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.718 [0.685-0.751]) and Trk-Ft in men (AUC = 0.672 [0.643-0.702]). The WC was also the most predictive among the anthropometric variables in men (AUC = 0.670 [0.641-0.700]). The strength of the association and predictive power was stronger in women than in men. CONCLUSIONS: The WC in women and Trk-Ft in men exhibited the best predictive power for hypertriglyceridemia. Our findings support the use of basic information for the identification of hypertriglyceridemia or high triglyceride levels in initial health screening efforts.